Standard and Normal Excel Distribution Calculations

Nearly any statistical software package can be used for calculations concerning a normal distribution, more commonly known as a bell curve.  Excel is equipped with a multitude of statistical tables and formulas, and it is quite straightforward to use one of its functions for a normal distribution.  We will see how to use the NORM.DIST and the NORM.S.DIST functions in Excel. Normal Distributions There is an infinite number of normal distributions. A normal distribution is defined by a particular function in which two values have been determined: the mean and the standard deviation. The mean is any real number that indicates the center of the distribution. The standard deviation is a positive real number that is a measurement of how spread out the distribution is. Once we know the values of the mean and standard deviation, the particular normal distribution that we are using has been completely determined. The standard normal distribution is one special distribution out of the infinite number of normal distributions. The standard normal distribution has a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. Any normal distribution can be standardized to the standard normal distribution by a simple formula. This is why, typically, the only normal distribution with tabled values is that of the standard normal distribution. This type of table is sometimes referred to as a table of z-scores. NORM.S.DIST The first Excel function that we will examine is the NORM.S.DIST function. This function returns the standard normal distribution. There are two arguments required for the function: â€Å"z† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of z is the number of standard deviations away from the mean. So,  z -1.5 is one and a half standard deviations below the mean. The z-score of z 2 is two standard deviations above the mean. The second argument is that of â€Å"cumulative.† There are two possible values that can be entered here: 0 for the value of the probability density function and 1 for the value of the cumulative distribution function. To determine the area under the curve, we will want to enter a 1 here. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.S.DIST(.25, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? There are two interpretations. The first is that the area under the curve for z less than or equal to 0.25 is 0.5987. The second interpretation is that 59.87 percent of the area under the curve for the standard normal distribution occurs when z is less than or equal to 0.25. NORM.DIST The second Excel function that we will look at is the NORM.DIST function. This function returns the normal distribution for a specified mean and standard deviation. There are four arguments required for the function: â€Å"x,† â€Å"mean,† â€Å"standard deviation,† and â€Å"cumulative.† The first argument of x is the observed value of our distribution. The mean and standard deviation are self-explanatory. The last argument of â€Å"cumulative† is identical to that of the NORM.S.DIST function. Example To help to understand how this function works, we will look at an example. If we click on a cell and enter NORM.DIST(9, 6, 12, 1), after hitting enter the cell will contain the value 0.5987, which has been rounded to four decimal places. What does this mean? The values of the arguments tell us that we are working with the normal distribution that has a mean of 6 and a standard deviation of 12. We are trying to determine what percentage of the distribution occurs for x less than or equal to 9. Equivalently, we want the area under the curve of this particular normal distribution and to the left of the vertical line x 9. NORM.S.DIST vs NORM.DIST There are a couple of things to note in the above calculations. We see that the result for each of these calculations was identical. This is because 9 is 0.25 standard deviations above the mean of 6. We could have first converted x 9 into a z-score of 0.25, but the software does this for us. The other thing to note is that we really don’t need both of these formulas. NORM.S.DIST is a special case of NORM.DIST. If we let the mean equal 0 and the standard deviation equal 1, then the calculations for NORM.DIST match those of NORM.S.DIST. For example, NORM.DIST(2, 0, 1, 1) NORM.S.DIST(2, 1).

Computer Storage Is A Fundamental Component Of A Computer...

Computers are amazing. They allow us to play games, take notes, watch movies, and even design buildings. In order to do these things we need a way to access it in the form of computer storage. Computer storage is a fundamental component of a computer, it allows us to save and load things. Storage is space in a computer where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. There are two units of memory which is primary storage and secondary storage. Primary storage is the immediate access store where programs are located while they are running. Secondary storage is used to hold data that is not currently being executed. There are several different types of memory that our computer uses such as registers, cache, and tertiary storage. For the purpose of this essay, we will go over the history or memory. We will focus on the memories past, where it started and the early advancements. We will also talk about memories present, and how it is used today. Lastly , we will go over the future of memory and how memory is advancing. First, we will talk about the memory’s past how it started, what are some things that got us to where we are today. Memory started off all the way back to the ancient Egyptians where they would record hieroglyphs. When it came to computers, storage started off as more of a physical object than digital. Memory was in the form of paper with holes punched in it to store information called punched cards. The computer would read theShow MoreRelatedWhy Is The Ideal Personal Computer? Essay924 Words   |  4 PagesWhen looking to purchase a new computer, everyone has one common goal, which is that they are looking for the ideal personal computer. It sounds quite simple, because if everyone is looking for the same package, then it should be as simple walking into a vendor’s shop and picking up the first computer one sees on the shelf. That is in fact not, what happens in reality. Then why is it so challenging? 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Othello Character Free Essays

loWhen an individual experiences feelings of jealousy towards their partner in a relationship, it often results in feelings of anger and distrust, which cause them to sabotage the partnership and possibly end it. Shakespeare’s protagonist, Othello, becomes deceived and unable to decide in whom to place his trust. The noble Moor chooses wrongfully and places himself under the loyalty of Iago, allowing him to corrupt and transform him, destroying his sanity and relationships with others. We will write a custom essay sample on Othello Character or any similar topic only for you Order Now Consequently, the Moor’s trustworthiness and envy become his weaknesses and result in his downfall. In the play â€Å"Othello†, by William Shakespeare, the protagonist’s flaws contribute to his downfall from a noble soldier to an irrational man, suggesting that when a an individual experiences jealousy in a relationship, it becomes the corruption that destroys a person’s conscience and ultimately the relationship itself. Othello is initially portrayed as an honest natured individual of royal status and reasonable character. his love for Desdemona, his wife, acquires him the essence of a respectable, loving husband, implying his success as a firm, yet affectionate husband. After Cassio is relieved of his duties by Othello, Desdemona promises to put an effort into convincing her husband to take him back as his lieutenant. After multiple rejections and rebounds, the Moor finally gives in: â€Å"I will deny thee nothing. / Whereon I do beseech thee grant me this, / To leave me but a little to myself† (Oth. 3. 3. 83-85). Although the Moor was very upset with Cassio, Desdemona’s good-natured pleas were enough to change his mind into reconsidering Cassio’s position. In saying that he would â€Å"deny [her] nothing† demonstrates his love for her and suggests that there is a special place in his heart for his sweet wife that he cannot help but succumb to at times. Furthermore, Othello’s strong, sophisticated character is demonstrated through his logic and patience, emphasizing his greatness as a warrior. Upon being accused false doings and being challenged to a duel with his father-in-law, Brabantio, the Moor calmly responds, â€Å"Hold your hands, / Both you of my inclining and the rest. / Where it my cue to fight, i should have known it / Without a prompter† (Oth. . 2. 82-85). Othello’s control over the situation makes it evident that he is a reasonable and gentle man, contrasting his self-control with Brabantio’s lack of restraint. Othello’s composed reaction makes him seem more rational than his racist father-in-law by thinking his actions through before reacting on impulse. Further analyzing the goodn ess of Othello, Anthony Hecht comments, â€Å"While everywhere it is noted that he is given to self-dramatization, Iago, who has no affection for him, admits that he is of a free and open nature. Which is to say, he is both guileless and guileful. There is no question of his courage, nor of his weakness† (Hecht 19). Moreover, the trusting nature of the Moor is reflected in his relationship with others, suggesting his easy-going atmosphere. Needing his wife to be taken care of safely, he tells the Duke, â€Å"So please your grace, my ancient; / A man he is of honesty and trust. / To his conveyance i assign my wife, / With what else needful your good grace shall think / To be sent after me† (Oth. 1. 3. 283-287). Othello’s confidence in his relationship with his ancient, Iago, demonstrates his trusting personality. Once the Moor has belief that a man is trustworthy, he will give them his whole heart, making it evident of his value in loyalty. Yet, Othello’s respectable qualities become the cause of his corruption, which bring upon jealousy, deception, and delusions, ultimately leading him closer to his tragic death. Although the Moor loves Desdemona greatly, his strong bond with her has taken away the control he held for himself. Plotting against him, Iago muses to himself to himself, â€Å"His soul is so enfetter’d to her love / That she may make, unmake, do what she list, / Even as her appetite shall play the god / With his weak function† (Oth. . 3. 316-319). Saying that Othello is â€Å"enfetter’d to her love†, Iago is suggesting that his love for Desdemona is the Moor’s weakness, being â€Å"chained† to her in a way where she â€Å"shall play the god† and take away his mastery since he does not believe the Moor can think for himself. B y willingly being with Desdemona, Othello puts himself in a position of vulnerability and cannot blame anyone else for this but himself. Likewise, without seeming so at first, Othello’s whole hearted trust in Iago becomes a mistake that he is not aware of initially. As Iago utilizes subtle manipulation on the Moor, he successfully plants the seed of doubt in his mind, suggesting Desdemona’s disloyalty to him. Othello says to him: I think thou dost; And, for i know thou’rt full of love and honesty And weigh’st thy words before thou givest them breath Therefore these stops of thine fright me the more; For such things in a false disloyal knave Are tricks of custom; but in a man that’s just They are close dilations, working from the heart That passion cannot rule. (Oth. 3. 3. 117-124) The dramatic and verbal irony when Othello describes Iago’s â€Å"love and honesty† demonstrates his unwise and gullible nature, making his full trust in him an error. The way Iago’s pauses fright [him] the more† concludes that the Moor has been tricked without realizing it and reflects his foolishness despite his strong, controlled character. As critic William Hazlitt suggests, â€Å"Ironically it is Othello’s judgment that allows Iago to manipulate him; Othello is a trusting man who believes that people are what they seem, thus believing in Iago because he appears to be honest and loyal† (Hazlitt 29). Subsequently, logic, patience, and self-restraint has become lost in the Moor once his emotions have been used against him and his jealousy is played on. After Iago explains a dream he heard Cassio had about making love to Desdemona to Othello, the Moor says, â€Å"But this denoted a foregone conclusion: ‘Tis a shrewd doubt, though it be but a dream† (Oth. 3. 3. 428-429). Then almost immediately after he concludes that â€Å"[he] will tear her all to pieces† (Oth. 3. 3. 432). Othello at this point in the play has transformed from the loving husband he once was, to a jealous individual that must act on his envy as soon as the chance arises. Ignoring the absence of solid proof his wife’s disloyalty, he has let Iago torture his conscience with lies and consequently confusing and agitating his sanity. Consequently, Othello’s corruption leads to chaos as he realizes too late the destruction his actions have caused that eventually bring him to his tragic death. His hamartia has come into play, which brings upon anarchy and reflects Othello’s loss of control and reason. Convinced without proof that Desdemona has been cheating on him, he proclaims to Iago, â€Å"Damn her, lewd minx! O, damn her! / Come, go with me apart. I will withdraw / To urnish me with some swift means of death / For the fair devil. Now art thou my lieutenant† (Oth. 3. 3. 475-478). The Moor’s marriage is officially destroyed and his conclusion to make Iago, the man responsible for causing him grief, his new lieutenant guarantees his doom. His quick decision to kill Desdemona for her unfaithfulness without real evidence de monstrates the destruction his jealousy has caused to their relationship. Inevitably, Othello’s corruption becomes an unstoppable force, which ends in the deaths of many innocent lives. After killing his wide and confessing so to Emilia, Iago’s wife, Othello explains: â€Å"Cassio did top her. Ask thy husband else. / O, I were damn’d beneath all depth in hell / But that I did proceed upon just grounds / To this extremity. Thy husband knew it all† (Oth. 5. 2. 136-139). Dramatic irony emphasizes how confused the Moor really is about what is delusion and what is reality because he uses Iago’s word as proof, which is false, as well as going as far as to say â€Å"I did proceed upon just grounds to this extremity. † Othello did not actually have a just reason for committing his murderous act as Iago never gave him proof, reflecting the way in which jealousy corrupts the mind and an individual’s entire reasoning. This all becomes evident once chaos was unleashed upon the Moor, which consequently costs him his nobility, marriage and life. The Moor realizes his mistakes too late, but comes to understand that he is reasonably the one to blame for all the devastation he has caused. Upon becoming aware of Iago’s true intentions and Desdemona’s faithfulness, Othello speaks some of his last words: When you shall these unlucky deeds relate, Speak of me as I am. Nothing extenuate, Nor set down aught in malice. Then must you speak Of one that loved not wisely, but too well; Of one not easily jealous, but, being wrought, Perplex’d in the extreme; of one whose hand, Like the base Judean, thew a pearl away Richer than all his tribe; (Oth. 5. 2. 341-349) Thus, Othello finally realizes his emotions were manipulated to do the deeds of an evil man he once trusted. A part of his old noble character us shown when he asks the soldiers to â€Å"speak of [him] as [he is]. Nothing extenuate, / Nor set down aught in malice. † His humbleness is paired with bitterness because of the needless death of his wife brought upon by his own envious actions, demonstrating his own contribution to his tragic death. Also, as Shawn Smith believes,†If Othello earlier in the scene has been a minister of justice deliberating Desdemona’s fate, he is now turning judicial attention to himself, and in doing so he recognizes his own mis-judgments. It is here we see Othello returning to his exotic narratives we associate with his language in the earliest scenes of the play. And in his return to these exotic narratives, Othello offers his retreat from Venetian life – and, indeed, life altogether† (Smith 47). He simply cannot deny the errors in his accusations and the killing of his wife, foolishly â€Å"[throwing] a pearl away. â€Å" By experiencing the delusions of envy, Othello himself becomes the evil force behind the deception and deaths of innocent people, including his own. He is initially loved and respected by many for his lpyalty, royal status, and honourable marriage. Nonetheless, the qualities he is honoured for become his imperfections, resulting in deception, jealousy, and his fall from nobility. Consequently, chaos ensues and destroys a once loving marriage and sane man. Thus, jealousy transforms an individual to harm those they love most, a dangerous and monstrous emotion that requires reason and logic to restrain it from destroying relationships. How to cite Othello Character, Papers

Legal Aspects of International Business

Question: Discuss about theLegal Aspects of International Business. Answer: Introduction: One of the leading multinational companies in Australia having the purpose in order to create long-term shareholders valuing development and marketing of natural resources is BHP Billiton. It was founded in 2001 and is two companies merged. They are the Anglo-Dutch Billiton and the Broken Hill Proprietary Company Ltd. It has necessary postings in the Australian Securities Exchange. It is a multinational mining company and has its global headquarters in Melbourne, Australia. It produces major commodities like iron ore, uranium, copper and have interests in conventional as well as unconventional gas and oil. It is an attribute to diversify BHP Billiton portfolio. In 2015, BHP Billiton became one of the biggest mining company and the fourth biggest firm which takes into account the income. It ranks fourth according to rankings. It has 80,368 employees and contractors across the globe. It is situated across 16 countries in 96 locations and there is diversity in its environment of work (B eamish, 2013). It has 42,829 employees in Australia. Performance is not granted by BHP Billiton Limited. It operates all the assets continuing in acknowledging the resources for the next generation of the leaders of BHP Billiton. It provides for the health and safety of the people and the communities in which it operates. The operation of BHP Billiton allows at establishing the long lasting relationships with the host communities working together in making a contribution which is positive to lives of the people who live near the society and operation of the firm. It is necessary to grow the company safely and in a responsible method. It is also necessary to diversify the commodity, market and geography. A workforce is required in order for the reflecting the diversity in any forms which includes skills, gender, ethnicity and experience. To embrace the trust, teamwork, relationship which are beneficial reflecting the value of respect and is focussed on the plan of the people in the e fforts aiming to be general bringing pride to the workforce loyalty (Buckley Casson, 2010). There is accountability among the leaders of BHP Billiton Limited for the values of the company to put forward their safety by prioritising the people in order to be excellent and to work with integrity. BHP Billiton operates in South Wales, Western Australia and Queensland and focuses on nickel, copper, coal and iron ore (Wild et al., 2014). It is based on the Pilbara region of northern Western Australia. It is based on the mining operations and two separate port facilities which has its location in Port Hedland. It produces metallurgical coal including advanced quality hard metallurgic coal which is necessary raw material required for steel production. The coal is mostly open pit mines which are bought by collaboration with Mitsui and Mitsubishi Development Pty Ltd. It also produces mainly for electric power industry production in Indomet Coal Project and New South Wales Energy Coal. Regulatory Framework Affecting the Company BHP Billiton works in a controlled and planned way. It is done by making sure that the equipments are in running order and the process of working makes sure of safe operations and there is sufficient training of the people of the people who work in an arranged way. It makes sure that everyone understands the tasks and is ready to perform it. It also makes sure that the employees and the contractors are equally treated providing an environment free from alcohol and drugs. It implements an environment protection measures which addresses pollution prevention in all the phases of the business. It engages as well as supports the community which has operated. It maintains a constant vigilance and readiness in order to prevent and respond to any incidents. It sets HSEC objectives as well as targets which includes prevention of pollution which includes leading that industry. It drives a continual improvement in all the activities. It accepts no level of performance other than No Harm (Cateor a, 2008). It promotes the initiatives through environment of the workplace. It helps in providing resources and support essential for the management. It helps in the participation in the process of risk review. It gives the responsibilities for the contractors in the communication to the personnel relevant. It helps in the execution of a process for the controlled restart of work where it is stopped using the authority to Stop Work. It manages the staffing levels in order to support fulfilment with the needs which are legal and the licence to operate. It reviews the budget for the required personnel. It addresses the number of personnel which have been required competencies as part of the assessment of the staffing levels. Changes in the communication of documents and addresses resulting in the evaluation to the personnel who is affected. It helps in the acknowledgement of material risks which are associated with BHP Billiton Petroleum activities and realization of material risks in a controlled risk register. It involves the appropriate functional representation in assessment of risks. It helps in the acknowledgement of critical control according to BHP Billiton Petroleum which are applicable (Schaffer et al., 2011). It provides the communication for the outcome of the assessment of risk to the stakeholders which are applicable. It provides for the risk based evidences for the justification start up or continuing the operations. It helps in establishing and the execution of a verification process for close out of assessment of risks and the findings and actions. Agreements which Impacted the Products and Services of the Multinational Company For peaceful purposes, Australia sold uranium which establishes the fact that the parties involved to the Treaty on the Non-explosives of the Nuclear Weapons. It has also executed a safeguard the agreement with IAEA or International Atomic Energy Agency. 22 safeguards agreement are in force in Australia. On the basis of IAEA safeguards the safeguarding needs of Australia are based providing the essential assurance that the nuclear material is not utilized in such a manner so that it turns out to be harmful in nature. The negotiation of the joint agreement, the Australian government believe that the problems like the records of proliferation of states and its attainment to the treaties which are applicable. Australian government does not link directly to the nuclear negotiations which are bilateral with other matters identified as concern matters like human rights as well as democratic problems (Dunning, 2013). There is a treaty between Australia and China that the nuclear materials must be used for purposes of peace and will not be used to make weapons or other explosive and the agreement of IAEA safeguards apply to this material. Facilities operators are needed to keep records of nuclear materials to IAEA standards such as NNWS safeguards. Negotiations of safeguarding agreement with the IAEA ratified an AP. As compared to safeguards in NNWS, the safeguards in NWS differ. According to NNWS, there are no similar needs for NWS, the IAEA have decided whether or not conducting the inspection at facilities to declare. Safeguards are used for the achievement of a purpose (Zott et al., 2011). BHP Billiton has the involvement in mining the ores which contain uranium and the production of UOC, it has been committed to the Uranium Stewardship Principles which has developed for reduction of risk to damage to the environment and people the from the effect of the nuclear industry (Griffith et al., 2008). It supports the peaceful and the safe way to nuclear technology and also acts responsibly in the areas which are controlled and managed. It operates ethically with the sound corporate governance and upholds and promotes the basic human rights. It contributes to the economic and social enrichment of the region which is operated and provided responsible sourcing, with the help of utilizing uranium oxide disposition and its by-products and supports the effective practice and the accountable behaviour in the process of the fuel cycle of nuclear energy. It improves the areas of performance and the communication is regularly on progress and reviews and updates on progress (Rugman, 20 09). BHP Billiton has designed safeguards in order to prevent the reproduction of the nuclear weapons and detecting undeclared nuclear activities and material. Australia safeguards the agreement with IAEA needing an establishment and maintaining a system and controlling of all nuclear material which have been safeguarded under the agreement (Johnson Turner, 2010). Australia made agreement with Russia, Japan, and China which can be used, processed and agreed between the parties. Australia has nuclear safeguards or nuclear transfer agreement with the US, UK, Russia, France and China. Australia sold uranium in support of the peaceful purpose to NWS for more than 30 years. Australia negotiated a joint agreement with Russia in order to for replacing the limited agreement of 1990 coming into force on 2010. Strategic problems were taken by the Australian Government when it ratified the 2007 Agreement between the China and the Government of Australia on transferring nuclear objects. Alike considerations were given by the government to the planned problems when it granted a license in order to export uranium. For peaceful purposes, uranium is sold in Australia for producing electricity through nuclear energy (Palgrave et al., 2010). Australian uranium is sold to the recipient to safeguarding the contract formulated with IAEA and also a joint safeguard agreement involving the recipient country and Australia. The IAEA is a successful international company which safeguards the violations and strengthens the safeguarding of the IAEA and its members states. 35 members of the Board of Governors controls IAEA which Australia also took a seat which has been was uninterrupted since 1957. The performance of IAEA, resources and programs in order to make sure that the BHP Billiton remained successful. The IAEA General Conference and the Board debate and review the annual report of IAEA (Shenkar Luo, 2008). References Beamish, P. (2013). Multinational Joint Ventures in Developing Countries (RLE International Business). Routledge. Buckley, P. J., Casson, M. (2010). A theory of cooperation in international business. In The Multinational Enterprise Revisited (pp. 41-67). Cateora, P. R. (2008). International Marketing 13E (Sie). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014). International business. Pearson Australia. Dunning, J. H. (2013). Multinationals, Technology Competitiveness (RLE International Business) (Vol. 13). Routledge. Griffith, D. A., Cavusgil, S. T., Xu, S. (2008). Emerging themes in international business research. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(7), 1220-1235. Johnson, D., Turner, C. (2010). International Business: Themes and issues in the modern global economy. Routledge. Palgrave Macmillan UK.Kolk, A., Van Tulder, R. (2010). International business, corporate social responsibility and sustainable development. International business review, 19(2), 119-125. Rugman, A. M. (2009). The Oxford handbook of international business. Oxford University Press. Rugman, A. M., Collinson, S. (2009). International business. Pearson Education. Schaffer, R., Agusti, F., Dhooge, L. J., Earle, B. (2011). International business law and its environment. Cengage learning. Shenkar, O., Luo, Y. (2008). International Business (With Cd). John Wiley Sons. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014). International business. Pearson Education Limited. Zott, C., Amit, R., Massa, L. (2011). The business model: recent developments and future research. Journal of management, 37(4), 1019-1042.

Henry David Thoreau And Transcendatalism Essays - Civil Disobedience

Henry David Thoreau And Transcendatalism Henry David Thoreau harbored many anarchist thoughts toward the American government of the decades before the Civil War, which he collected and wrote about in the essay, Civil Disobedience, which, in fact was originally called Resistance to Civil Government, giving the essay a powerful message that would not only reflect Thoreau's own views toward the Mexican war, but also give the essay a powerful anti-slavery message, as well as affect the whole idea of Civil Rights, as well as shape the leaders of Civil Rights. In examining the essay, Civil Disobedience, we must also immerse ourselves into the reasoning of the essay. Henry David Thoreau lived a quiet life in a small cabin he had built in Walden. Thoreau thought paying his taxes was wrong in principal, Thoreau declares that he cannot associate with the American government, because it is a slave's government (BECK Index). Thoreau jails himself after being asked about taxes by the Constable of Concord, Sam Staples, a friend of Thoreau. Thoreau refuses to pay the tax, and is only released after some family member pays the tax for him. Thoreau is infuriated that someone would pay his tax for him after he would not (About.com). Thoreau refuses to pay taxes due to their use in the Mexican War. As Thoreau declares Mexican war, the work of comparatively a few individuals using the standing government as their tool. Thoreau, gives 'civil Disobedience' its urgency... as a result of the leadership of imperialists like President James Polk and Southern planters who were determined to add new land to their cotton culture, was making war on Mexico and would take away half its' territory (Smith, 60). The action of the government is more like that of a monarchy to Thoreau. Witness the present Mexican war, the work of comparatively few individuals, (Thoreau, 1). Thoreau speaks by the basic Transcendentalist though of self-reliance. Thoreau also, questions the personal morality involved in the Mexican war (Hildebidle, 69). In Civil Disobedience, we can see the stark contrasts between the attitude of the state and Toreau's own views. Thoreau explains why slavery is a moral evil. Thoreau only disagreed with the principle behind slavery, he knew no Negroes, had never experienced the slightest social oppression, but was a radical individualist (Smith, 62). Thoreau was a staunch supporter of John Brown, and went as far as to honor his death at Harper's Ferry. Thoreau influenced many leaders of later Civil Rights movements. Thoreau's essay is a noble ringing reiteration of the highest religious individualism as a self-evident social principle (Emerson, 5) The essay also had a power with great minds who were looking to break free of oppressive governments. It has been well documented that King and Gandhi were both affected by the essay in threir quest for civil equality, for Gandhi, as a young leader of the oppressed Indians in South Africa, was looking for a political strategy by which to resist a totally oppressive government. (Hildebidle, 74) Civil Disobedience gives each reader a message about speaking out about what you believe in. For Thoreau, the problem is simply of putting the highest possible value on the individual rather than on the state, (Salt, 174). Again, Thoreau light s the fire in the reader, to think of what is good for himself or herself. John F. Kennedy said in his inauguration speech, Ask not what you country can do for you, but what you can do for your country. This thought expresses many values a person may have towards an action, taking place. Thoreau has this to say about the government, It does not keep the country free. It does not settle the West. It does not educate. Biographies

Obama vs. McCain - History Essay

Obama vs. McCain - History Essay Free Online Research Papers The Iraq war was declared by George Bush on March 20, 2003. This war is also known as the Second Gulf War, the Occupation of Iraq, and The War in Iraq. (Wikipedia) The war is a response to the attacks on September 11th and the belief that Iraq had amassed Weapons of Mass destruction. There was a belief that Iraq posed an imminent threat to the United States and that the United States needed to act immediately to eliminate this threat. Since that day we have lost over 4,000 soldiers (icasualties) and it has cost the United States $565,308,329,744 and is getting higher (national priorities). On the contrary, we have removed the dictator Saddam Hussein from power and forced the Al-Qaeda terrorist group into hiding. Now that it is election time, our candidates need to decide what their plan for our future presence in Iraq if they are to be elected. Senator Obama plans to enact the Iraq War De-Escalation Act. This act would be enacted in January. He believes we need to leave Iraq carefully, because we entered the war with haste. The removal of our troops will be carefully planned and done in phases. It will be directed by a selection of military commanders and in a joint effort with Iraqi police and the Iraqi government. The quickest, safest way believed to remove our American troops from Iraq is to redeploy one to two brigades a month back to the United States. This would remove nearly all of our troops by the summer of 2010. He also aims to urge political parties and governmental leaders in Iraq to reach the needed political action to save the quickly unraveling political and economic status in Iraq. He also plans to help end Iraq’s civil war, saving the lives of many Iraqi’s. One last piece of this act is to form the Iraq Study Group, whose purpose is to oversee the repair of Iraq’s broken and fragile eco nomic and political status. Obama’s plan will end the war as quickly as possible and attempt to fix Iraq’s problem. John McCain believes it is essential for the United States to support the Government of Iraq to become capable of governing itself. He believes that â€Å"It would be a grave mistake to leave before Al Qaeda in Iraq is defeated and before a competent, trained, and capable Iraqi security force is in place and operating effectively.†(McCain) His philosophy seems to be that we got Iraq into this mess and now we are going to fix it. He believes that we must not let Iraq become a failed state or a pawn of Iran. We will remain in Iraq until the Iraqi people no longer need us. McCain once said â€Å"I do not want to keep our troops in Iraq a minute longer than necessary to secure our interests there. Our goal is an Iraq that can stand on its own as a democratic ally and a responsible force for peace in its neighborhood. Our goal is an Iraq that no longer needs American troops.† He also believes that if we are to get out of Iraq, we must first help the Iraqi economy. We must tr y to lead young Iraqi’s away from the well-funded extremists. He also believes that the many Americans who have died in the war, have done so to prevent the even worse consequences of failure in Iraq. Even with all the negative attention, McCain is getting for not wanting to pull out of Iraq, he sticks with his plans and views. â€Å"Doing the right thing in the heat of a political campaign is not always easy. But it is necessary.† (McCain) The two candidates have completely opposing views on our war in Iraq. Obama on one side wants to remove our troops immediately, while on the other hand, McCain wants to keep our troops in Iraq until we get the job done. Both are very strong in backing up their beliefs and are not letting the high amounts of criticism from the media get to them. Now it is your responsibility as the reader to take this information, and use it to decide which of these great men you want to give your vote to. Will it is Obama and who plans for a quick ending to the war hoping to spare the lives of as many Americans as he can, or McCain and his unrelenting passion to keep our soldiers in Iraq until the job is done? Research Papers on Obama vs. McCain - History EssayMr. Obama and IranAmerican Central Banking and OilMy Air force EssayThe Obama Presidency EssayThe Rise and Fall of Napoleon BonapartePoverty, Violence and Conflict How are they Related?Quebec and CanadaIslamic Fundamentalism Replaces CommunismDr. Edward Deming EssayGovernment Funding Essay

Economics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economics Coursework - Essay Example Affordability of the customers: As mortgages have become less costly, the affordability of an average citizen has therefore gained growth. Moreover, mortgages are more readily available than before and therefore a consumer is more likely to avail himself a loan and increase his overall set of choices. Thus resulting in an increase in the demand shift of the consumer. (Neate, 2013) b. Recession: The pressures have double impact on the demand shifts. Not only it has reduced the purchasing power of a consumer but it has also taken away many sets of choices where a person used to invest. As recession is around, most of the investments are found to be riskier while these are also not expected to earn high returns. Therefore, potential investors, especially the large ones look at housing as a safe avenue for investment as the returns that it earns are quite stable while the capital gains are also a part of the investment. This also influences the demand curve to shift to its right and incr ease the overall demand of the house owning. (Neate, 2013) (O’sullivan, 2008) c. Herd Sentiment: It shall be noted that the growth of house prices has already outgrown the rate of growth in the loans extended in the form of mortgages. Such only reveals a point that the general public is following the trend. This can be due to reasons such as the fear of inflated home prices after the boom that these prices have received. Moreover, its cause may also be in the form of those investors who have looked it as a golden opportunity of capital gains and thus creating an artificial bubble of price inflation that will sooner or later burst out. (Rowley, 2013) d. Expectations: As prices have surged up so are the expectations of the people. As suggested in a recent article, the cost of average home may go up by 50,000 pounds in the course of the next five year. Moreover, keeping the sentiments in mind, the government’s recent move to provide interest free loan up to 600,000 pounds has only shifted the trend further and have once again given raise to the demands of the masses. (Lambert, 2013) If we point our attention to the factors that have may have impacted the supply side of the UK’s house owning phenomenon, the most important factor that grabs has shifted the supply curve includes the impact of exports whose disappointing performance has impacted the supply side of the above mentioned phenomenon. Since then, the government has focused more and more on supply side by encouraging the construction of more houses. Moreover, the lenders have been too lenient not only towards buyers but towards the sellers as well, since by supporting them in financing their projects they are pushing the supply curve as well, which in this case is toward its right. In a recent move, the government launched funding scheme which allowed banks to avail themselves inexpensive financing that allowed the lowering of the interest rates whose impacts were also seen on the deman d side. (Rowley, 2013) 2. As one can see in the table below that the profits will increase to 40,000 pounds if the fare is decreased from 10 pounds to 8 pounds: Fare Demand Total Revenue New Cost Profit 8 6 480 440 40 10 4 400 410 -10 12 3 360 400 -40 (O’sullivan, 2008) a. Below are the calculations required in case of price elasticity’s of demand by the midpoint formula method as well as percentage change

Interpersonal communication and the internet Research Paper

Interpersonal communication and the internet - Research Paper Example People relying solely on social media for interpersonal communication may judge their relationship partners on the basis of limited information. There is a probability of electronic transmission of threats making college life complicated for some students. Facebook is the cause of distraction and often plays the role of a life savior for otherwise socially awkward students. Internet, sometimes, promotes racism and hatred making interpersonal communication among the people of different beliefs almost improbable. Schools, colleges and universities should allocate some time and resources to equip students with the basic ethics of online communication. Interpersonal Communication and the Internet The most significant characteristic of a man is his ability to communicate with his fellow human beings to achieve the desired outcomes. Man has always struggled to develop and expand the means of communication available to him. In recent years, internet and online social networks including Face book, Twitter, MySpace, and Tumblr have revolutionized the field of communication. People have become so reliant on technology that those who tend to disconnect themselves from it seem odd to the rest of the people. Internet provides a medium to vent frustration and social anxiety and is an easier way to communicate. But the controlling influence of social media, increasing reliance on internet leading to a decline in interpersonal communications, probability of electronic transmission of threats and promotion of racism and hatred often outweigh its advantages. The internet has no doubt transformed the world into a global village. However, at the same time, the yawning gaps between people in their interpersonal relationship seem to get bigger day by day. Women, in earlier times, used to gather at the river to wash their clothes. This provided them with an opportunity to mingle with the people living in the same locality. With the introduction of new technologies and easier ways to w ash, a decrease in interpersonal communication is apparent as the people in general and women in particular no longer gather at the river. The same explanation can be presented to explain the decline in interpersonal relationships due to the creation of innovative and technologically advanced communication tools including the internet and the social media. People have become less interdependent and more self-governing. Even the advertising campaigns seem to promote it. As far as the impact of internet is concerned, millions of emails are sent by people to their friends, relatives and colleagues every day making it tremendously unproblematic to communicate. Internet, on one hand, has a number of advantages. Conversely, on the other hand, it has dramatically reduced the exchange of information among the masses. Those who use these forms of communication may evaluate their relationship partners on the basis of inadequate information. Internet, indeed, encourages the growth in interpers onal communication. However, those who entirely rely on online means encounter difficulties in face to face communications (Riqdon). Studies suggest that students use internet mainly for finding people, seeking, distraction, coping and E-mail. The availability of internet on the college campuses, provision of free email addresses to the students and high speed broadband connection-equipped

Human Dignity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human Dignity - Essay Example There are number of examples in the history where human dignity took priority over mishandling of humans. For example, the inhuman treatment of workers in the hands of English people made the church to take action and introduce human rights through labor unions. By this way, the human dignity became the yardstick for judging the political, moral and social aspects of a society. Nowadays the void between rich and poor is on the rise, which is contrary to human dignity. This happened due to misuse of power by the rich people. Chances of a nuclear war in different regions of the world spoiled the life of poor countries. This trend was overcome with the help of United Nations to introduce incentives and pay more attention to peaceful settlement of the human issues instead of war to restore the human dignity. Therefore, it is evident from history the human are born free and have the right to live their lives with morality and justice. Human dignity demands equal treatment of all humans in religion, sports, politics, medical and economics

The differences between offshoring and outsourcing

The differences between offshoring and outsourcing OFF-SHORING is moving a part or whole of a process from home country to another country but to a unit of the same company. It usually involves setting up a process in a country where the firm also has its unit. [1] e.g. MNCs having their offices in multiple countries may be involved in off-shoring processes. IBM, HP off shoring to India to make use of the talented engineers pool. For many years international trade has just been about trading completed products across the globe. But due to technology and transportation ease, it has lead to tasks being off shored thus adding value to global supply chains. [2]This is usually done to reduce cost, increasing pool of innovation; expanding into new markets, recruiting for special skills in every country, thus developing a strong human resource and various such reasons. OUT-SOURCE on the other hand involves one company doing a task for another. [1] Outsourcing may not only aid cost reduction but also help in achieving operational excellence.eg payroll outsourcing to HR consultancies .E.g. Accenture. [4]This helps in resourcing the operations from the best work pool in the desired functional area. Figure 1 OFF-SHORE OUTSOURCING is like a combination of the two. It involves both, getting another company from another country to perform a task or process of a firm. Globalisation has been the key driver to such activities. Earlier such activities were performed by relatively low skilled workers. These activities were primarily seen in manufacturing industries but now it has explored into service sector and attracted high skilled work. Increased competition ,need for reducing cost ,skilled and cheap workforce has driven globalisation, but these also attract high effort and risk thus making it advantageous and disadvantageous at the same time.eg Massachusetts General hospital in USA offshore outsourcing interpretation of CT scans to radiographers in India. [1] We will hereon discuss primarily on OFF-SHORE OUTSOURCING. The discussion would consider two parameters, firstly the advantages and disadvantages of Off-shore outsourcing on Western economies like UK USA and emerging economies like India, China, Brazil, Kenya and secondly its effect on the respective workforces. Offshore outsourcing is beneficial for the western economies in various ways, such as the production or service providing costs are high in these economies owing to the high living cost, area cost, transportation and telecommunication cost. Thus if companies from these economies move off-shore and outsource their production or services task it would cost them less, this would also give them a strong grounding for competing globally . E.g. Loake UK based shoe manufacturer offshore outsources its process in France India and then the final assembly takes place in UK. The cost saved can be invested in home country. Off-shore outsourcing also helps western economy companies in expanding their clientele in new unharnessed markets with great potential, their thus the company grows globally E.g. The western universities get major funding through international students from India and China due to outsourcing, attraction of students by various educational advisor companies like Edwise(India), Chopras(India). Microsoft has offshore outsourced its IT work to India; this has led to increased recognition of Microsoft there and thus increased sales. Off-shore outsourcing also fosters round the clock working, harnessing the time zone differences. E.g. Many USA firms outsource their system management to Indian software engineers, thus when the companies close down in USA the computers can be updated or fixed via software engineers in India (K Dice India Pvt. Ltd.)[9] due to the approximately 12 hr difference in time zone. [1][3][7] .Offshore outsourcing may also boost innovation. Flexibility, off load work: You can create capacity for higher margin work in internal sources. This of course creates flexibility in the company ensuring the optimum utilization of the available resources within the company. MachroTech offers you an  offshore outsourcing model  which combines the best of its onshore and  Offshore Software Outsourcing  resources, to provide you with the flexibi lity to operate your business flawlessly [7]. Western companies can benefit from operational excellence by outsourcing specific consultants to bring out high performance .e.g. PWC, TCS are being outsourced by companies to carry out financial or HR consulting. Thus western economies can benefit from various offshore outsourcing like software development, managing HR tasks like pay rolls, legal outsourcing, RD, interpreting CT scan, medical transcription, accounting (PWC), data entry etc. Due to globalization and linking of economies across the globe, this would result in benefits for the emerging economies too. Majorly, the GDP of exports increase in the emerging economies .Their local currency becomes strong .Foreign direct investment in these economies increase. This leads to development of these economies. Poverty and malnutrition is on the verge of eradication in these economies.[8] Other not so direct effect of offshore outsourcing over emerging economies are adopting new mannerisms, developing English as a primary business language thus reducing linguistic issues, increasing the standard of living of people in emerging economies. Off-shore outsourcing may also be from emerging markets to developed economy market serving as offshore outsourcing destination. E.g. Nasscom the premier trade body and the chamber of commerce of the IT-BPO industries in India has offshore outsourced its financial reporting to McKinsey (UK).[5][6] As it has been mentioned earlier Off-shore outsourcing also has its own disadvantages, for the western companies or the emerging market companies it would mean loss of control over the production or service. This may be because the offshore outsourced company may not work diligently. This will lead to production losses or unsatisfactory service to the customers. With time zone difference follows the problem of communication, transparency of work. Linguistic barriers and cultural misfits all these impacts business on the long run. [10] With offshore outsourcing increase, the imports to the western countries increase thus increasing trade deficit. [3] Off-shore outsourcing also brings along various risks: Project execution risks that would mean loss of full transparency in how the work is being done. Whether the personnel offshore or company offshore is working diligently and not showing a slack behaviour towards their duties. Intellectual Property risks that pertain to sharing the sensitive details and technological details of the company with the outsource destination company. This usually leads to counterfeiting of pharmaceuticals, luxury products etc. and thus this may lead to less sales for originally producing companies and greater sales for the companies that outsource since they have the technical know- how and produce and sell the same goods at a lower rate. Various other legal risks are also seen [11]. Now to discuss about the advantages and disadvantages due to offshore-outsourcing in western company and emerging market countries with respect to their workforce. As far as offshore outsourcing is concerned any company when involves any other company in its process has to deal with organisational culture change, thus workforce have to accept the change n move on or else they might be laid out. Western economy workforce has some advantages. If it gets some of its task outsourced like it may help the employees in moving to higher jobs, higher salary, higher standard of living, good incentives. [1] According to Rajan n Wei(2004)the number of jobs that loose on outsourcing are gained back due to in sourcing[3].Employees can choose to work in rotational shifts, thus giving them flexibility in working hours, since offshore outsourcing provides round the clock working options. English being their own language they have fewer language troubles, since its the basic business language. But offshore outsourcing has major disadvantages for the workforce of the western countries because the basic minimum wage in these countries are higher than in emerging market companies thus mass layoffs are happening. To retain their jobs the western company employees have to work at lesser pay, what makes matter difficult is that in these countries cost of living is very high and thus low salary will lead people to poverty. According to AT Kearneys 2011 Global Services Location Index (GSLI) the top three positions in outsourcing destinations are occupied by India, China, and Malaysia [13]. So automatically outsourcing brings in many advantages to emerging economy workforce. It brings great employment opportunities to these emerging economies. This is due to availability of skilled and yet cheap labour. This helps in increasing the standard of living of all the people, this leads to happier family life, better educated kids, more hygiene, health, socially conscious people helps the country and its economy as a whole. Knowledge base of the people increase. Due to outsourcing companies working round the clock, it gives rise to rotational shifts this leads to flexible working hours, and thus theres job that suits to everyones timing. There is a lower chance of brain drain. The workforce is more dedicated, and thus the results are great. This leads to motivation and better working. [3] The developing country workforce learns the western style of working, thus becomes more organized, independent and goal oriented. There are a few disadvantages too for the workforce of emerging economy companies like due to time differences between the home and host country ,employees may unwillingly have to work at rotational shifts.eg TCS employees join the company at regular office timing but the work begins only in accordance to the country that has outsourced work at TCS ,thus long working hours. Thus the workforce works under stressful condition. They get paid lesser than their western country counterpart. Emerging market companies usually have unhealthy or unethical working environment .E.g. Tesco, ASda Primark outsourcing to Bangladesh but using child labour and unhealthy conditions. [14] Linguistic issues, cultural misfits also pose to be de-motivating for the workforce. Thus offshore outsourcing tries to reduce the difference between the emerging and western economies, creating the world a knowledgeable, friendly, culturally one place to live in. Although everything has its pro and cons, its the riskier thing that fetches more. So I consider offshore outsourcing very lucrative.

Lyotard on the Kantian Sublime :: Sublime Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Lyotard on the Kantian Sublime ABSTRACT: In this essay I explicate J.F. Lyotard's reading of the Kantian sublime as presented in Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime (1994) and in "Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism" (1984). Lessons articulates the context in which critical thought situates itself as a zone of virtually infinite creative capacity, undetermined by principles but in search of them; "Answering the Question" explores how the virtually infinite creative capacity of thought manifests in the avant-gardes. Essentially, in both works Lyotard understands the Kantian sublime as legitimating deconstructive postmodernism. In the Critique of Judgement Kant defines the sublime as "that, the mere ability to think which shows a faculty of the mind surpassing every standard of sense." (1) Such striving for absolute comprehension beyond what the imagination is capable of representing in a simple perception or image may be occasioned by the "rawness" of scenes like the Great Pyramid of Cheops, the magnitude or immensity of which alludes to the Idea of absolute greatness. (2) Imagination's failure to contain this Idea understandably results in pain. (3) But pain is not the end-point; characteristic of sublime feeling is a "movement" of pain to pleasure: "the feeling of a momentary checking of the vital powers and a consequent stronger outflow of them." (4) In other words one is awestruck: nature appears as a "mere nothing in comparison with the Ideas of Reason." (5) From this we realize our superiority to nature "within and without us" and our supersensible destination beyond nature. (6) In this paper I wish to explicate J-F. Lyotard's reading of the Kantian sublime. There are lessons to be learned here, as the title of his recent work (1994), Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime, suggests. Essentially, the heuristic function of the sublime is to expose reflective judgment (of which sublime feeling is a species) as the context in which the critical enterprise functions or as the "manner" in which critical thought situates its own a priori conditions. (7) The Kantian sublime may teach us something else: In an earlier work (1984), "Answering the Question: What is Postmodernism?," Lyotard views the sublime as legitimating the avant-garde as way of extending the critical enterprise to the arts. The method behind the madness of the avant-gardes, Lyotard contends, is incomprehensible unless one is already familiar with "the incommensurability of reality to concept which is implied in the Kantian philosophy of the sublime.

Discrimination Against Vietnamese Immigrants in America

Vietnamese did not magically appear in the United States, the Vietnam War sparked the immigration of Vietnamese to America. Vietnamese did not virtually exist in the United States until 1975 when the war forced Vietnamese to evacuate (Povell). The war began after Vietminh defeated France and split into North and South Vietnam (O’Connel). In 1956 communist Ho Chi Minh ruled the North Vietnam, and Bao Dai ruled the South, who the United States supported and backed up (O’Connel). The Vietnam War consisted of the North and South Vietnam, fighting against eachother in order to stay two separate countries.The North tried to overtake the South, and the United States sent in troops to assist South Vietnam (Isserman). However, in April 1975 South Vietnam collapsed and united Vietnam as one country (Isserman). The tragic result of the Vietnam War affected all Vietnamese. The effects contained of over four million Vietnamese killed, and over twenty-one million bomb craters ( "The War's Effect on the Vietnamese Land and People. â€Å"). Unbeknownst to most people, the end of the Vietnam War caused the first two waves of immigration (Povell).In fact, from the beginning Americans stood unsure about Vietnamese immigration. â€Å"A poll in 1975 showed a mere 36% of Americans in favor of Vietnamese immigration,† (Povell). This means that 64% of Americans did not favor Vietnamese immigrating to the United States. Vietnamese Americans, often referred to as Boat People, received their name because most traveled by boat from Vietnam to America. Discrimination against Boat People in America began because of living as a burden to society, a lack of job opportunity, and the ability to adapt to the American culture.Vietnamese endured a difficult journey. , As they arrived in America people thought of them as burdens to society. Americans thought of Boat People as burdens as because they had to set up refugee camps. The United Nations helped set up these refug ee camps. However, poor living conditions transpired in these camps. (Vietnamese Americans. ?). These poorly funded camps resulted in inadequate living conditions. Refugees had to put good living conditions on hold until they found a sponsor. In order to not have a sponsor they had to have $4,000 per household member (Li).However, Americans thought Vietnamese should not be refugees, but rather immigrants (Li). Needing support turned them into burdens according to U. S citizens. Also, Americans criticized Vietnamese for taking jobs and being a burden to society ( Li). As Boat People tried to blend into American culture, some people stepped in their way. â€Å"Anglo and African Americans talked of the ‘Asian Invasion' on radio dials and some took drastic measures to reject the newest Americans,?(?The Asian American Experience-Building New Saigon. ?).When they started to find well-paying or high class jobs people saw them as a burden to the job market and a threat to Americans. Therefore rejection occurred frequently. Most Vietnamese arrived in the United States only with the clothes on their back, so when it came to finding jobs they did not have luck on their side. Since most Vietnamese refugees arrived without material possessions or money, they could not afford houses, and found it almost impossible to qualify for home loans even if all family members had jobs (Li). They had few job options and the jobs offered provided extremely low pay.Due to the scarcity of employment, some Vietnamese turned to illegal jobs (such as a prostitute) to provide for themselves (Vietnamese War Reference Library). If Vietnamese could find legal jobs, they would most likely not make enough to support their families. During the beginning of immigration refugees had a 32% unemployment rate compared to 5% of other Americans unemployed (Li). Vietnamese had a higher unemployment rate because they lacked American skill, education, and opportunity. This resulted in Vietnamese thri ving for further education and understanding of American economics.However, in the late 1970s, in Albuquerque, 8. 5% of people remained unemployed. This resulted in fewer jobs available for anyone, and left Vietnamese at a greater disadvantage because they lack English, and skill. Without basic English skills, finding a job, renting an apartment, or even buying food became very difficult. (â€Å"Vietnamese Americans. †). This lead to English as a Second Language programs (ESL). ESL programs would provide the amount of English to find work, but not raise past the â€Å"poverty level† (Li). Vietnamese did receive education, but this only created opportunity to find low-paying jobs.Even with programs like ESL, less than half of Vietnamese Americans (41%) speak English proficiently (Taylor). Boat People who lacked English could not find jobs and found difficulties doing everyday tasks. When Vietnamese began to understand their struggle in the job market, they would try to open restaurants, but Americans would not accept the new flavor of food (â€Å"The Asian American Experience-Building New Saigon†). No business in the restaurants forced them to close, and find work elsewhere. Then the Boat People turned to the fishing industry.At first whites tolerated Vietnamese in the fishing industry because they posed no threat. However, when Vietnamese bought shrimp boats, they became a threat to white’s businesses, and whites began to dislike Vietnamese. (â€Å"Asian Americans†). Some Vietnamese would get extremely involved in the fishing industry, but learned better from violence used against them. Some people went as far as burning down the Vietnamese’s boats (â€Å"Asian Americans†). Outside of the fishing industry employers and coworkers would become frustrated with Vietnamese for working slowly (Li).Vietnamese worked with quality in mind where Americans worked with speed in mind. This caused employers to be impatient wi th Vietnamese, and sometimes cost them their jobs. Even when Boat People acquired jobs, their median annual personal earnings placed them $35,000 lower than the earnings for other Americans. Overall, Vietnamese had a horribly hard acceptance into the job market, however, this would have facilitated had they not had trouble adapting to culture. As Vietnamese immigrated to the United States, they found trouble adapting to the culture.This especially occurred in the medical and education world. The American medical treatment dissatisfied Vietnamese because it does not concentrate on healing (Li). Some people would try to combine western medical treatment with the Taoist concept of balance. Many Vietnamese believed that if they rubbed a coin on skin it would relieve a cold (Li). However, if a mother brought a child to the doctor they would mistake the coin bruises as child abuse, a major misconception of culture. In fact, the majority of Boat People would not enter the hospitals because of white rooms and nurses wearing white (Li).In Vietnam, white represented the color of death. Furthermore, children found adapting to the school system difficult because of them placed by age group, not ability (Li). As well as American schools based off of critical thinking and Vietnamese schools off of pure memorization (Li). This became extremely difficult for Vietnamese students who did not speak English proficiently. Highly disadvantaged with their lack of English, Boat People had an extremely arduous time adapting to the ways of Americans without the ability to communicate (â€Å"Promoting Cultural Sensitivity: Vietnamese Guide†).A misconception between cultures occurred when Vietnamese would show interest in a religion for respect, but no actual interest in converting (Li). The churches may become disappointed in the Vietnamese. Furthermore, traditions of parents embarrass children because the parents had not adapted to the American culture, but hung onto the Vietnam culture. Contrary to the belief that immigration moves like a painless journey, Vietnamese had one of the most tiresome and arduous immigration in American history. Beginning with a war on their home turf, they had to leave their country. The war caused dreadful effects and they lost all their hope.When they stepped on to American soil, they had nothing but the clothes on their backs. Furthermore, their lack of material affected their ability to find jobs. More so they did not speak English, and had little to no education. Although now they had a shred of hope that life could achieve immense success. However, accused for living as a burden to society, discriminated against in the job market, and finding difficulty adapting to the new American culture caused that hope to be terminated. Vietnamese did not deserve the treatment they received, but they endured it with all they had and with the small hope of a new life.

Free Essays on Thailand

Thailand History of Thailand: In 650 A.D. a group of Chinese people migrated to the northern part what is today Thailand. They began an independent kingdom called Nanchao. In 1000 A.D. the Chinese had defeated the Nanchao and turned it into a tributary state. In 1253 Kublai Khan lead the Mongols to destroy the state. Then Thailand had a mass migration and formed the Khmer Empire. The Nanchao now called the Thai regained control of Khmer and moved its capital to Sukhothai. In 1260-1350 King Rama Kamheng began the alphabet of the Thai. He took the Khmers of Cambodia’s alphabet. In 1350 the capital was then moved to Ayutthaya. In 1568 the Burmese captured Ayutthaya and controlled the country until 1583. In 1583 King Naresuan defeated and controlled the country. In 1767 the Burmese destroyed Ayutthaya. General Phya Tak rallied the Thai forces in 1777 and defeated the Burmese. He moved the capital to Thon Buri. After him Rama I founded the Chakkri dynasty. They later signed commercial treaties with Great Brita in and the United States. In 1932 they became a constitutional monarchy. In 1934 the first general elections were held. In 1938 Pibul Songgram he changed the countries name from Siam to Thailand. In 1942 the Japanese pressured the Thai to declare war on Britain and United States. In 1968 Sarit and Thanom helped the economy to boom. The Thais helped the U.S. in the Vietnam War. In 1970 Thailand suffered from a trade deficit, when the demand for rice fell. In 1992 Chuan Leekpai became the prime minister. In 1995 he helped lower voting age to 18, guaranteed equal rights for women, and reduced membership in the military dominated senate. In 1997 he helped approve a new constitution. In 1997 Thailand suffered a deep recession. In 2000 they recovered. They are still a booming economy in Asia. Geography of Thailand: Thailand covers 198,114 square miles of land. It is mainly split up into four sections. The northern section has many for... Free Essays on Thailand Free Essays on Thailand Thailand History of Thailand: In 650 A.D. a group of Chinese people migrated to the northern part what is today Thailand. They began an independent kingdom called Nanchao. In 1000 A.D. the Chinese had defeated the Nanchao and turned it into a tributary state. In 1253 Kublai Khan lead the Mongols to destroy the state. Then Thailand had a mass migration and formed the Khmer Empire. The Nanchao now called the Thai regained control of Khmer and moved its capital to Sukhothai. In 1260-1350 King Rama Kamheng began the alphabet of the Thai. He took the Khmers of Cambodia’s alphabet. In 1350 the capital was then moved to Ayutthaya. In 1568 the Burmese captured Ayutthaya and controlled the country until 1583. In 1583 King Naresuan defeated and controlled the country. In 1767 the Burmese destroyed Ayutthaya. General Phya Tak rallied the Thai forces in 1777 and defeated the Burmese. He moved the capital to Thon Buri. After him Rama I founded the Chakkri dynasty. They later signed commercial treaties with Great Brita in and the United States. In 1932 they became a constitutional monarchy. In 1934 the first general elections were held. In 1938 Pibul Songgram he changed the countries name from Siam to Thailand. In 1942 the Japanese pressured the Thai to declare war on Britain and United States. In 1968 Sarit and Thanom helped the economy to boom. The Thais helped the U.S. in the Vietnam War. In 1970 Thailand suffered from a trade deficit, when the demand for rice fell. In 1992 Chuan Leekpai became the prime minister. In 1995 he helped lower voting age to 18, guaranteed equal rights for women, and reduced membership in the military dominated senate. In 1997 he helped approve a new constitution. In 1997 Thailand suffered a deep recession. In 2000 they recovered. They are still a booming economy in Asia. Geography of Thailand: Thailand covers 198,114 square miles of land. It is mainly split up into four sections. The northern section has many for...

Bertolt Brecht The Caucasian Chalk Circle essays

Bertolt Brecht The Caucasian Chalk Circle essays BERTOLT BRECHT THE CAUCASIAN CHALK CIRCLE Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956) a non-conformist German playwright, was the most important single influence in the development of epic theatre. His political beliefs and experiences were his motivation to try to change the world through drama. Through the theatre he created he made people realise the wrong doings of the society in which they lived. Brecht was a pacifist and, therefore, wrote a number of plays with strong political messages to intellectually stimulate and politically motivate his audiences. Brechts plays were originally rejected by the society in which he lived because they were unconventional and against the ideological beliefs that his society embraced. In his work, Brecht explored themes related to war, ownership, sacrifice, the notion of justice and the theme of the inequalities produced by superior people in power over the inferior lower class. He challenged societys opinion of the oppressed. Brecht tried to teach his audiences not to accept the world as they found it. He also tried to teach his actors the same thing. ... above all s/he [actor of Brechtian theatre] must be aware of the theme with which the play is concerned. Brechts The Caucasian Chalk Circle is set in the time of a civil war. It contains two parallel stories. One centers around AZDAK, a drunken peasant, who is put into the powerful role of judge. The other deals with a peasant named Grusha who saves an abandoned child and claims it as her own. The two stories unite to conclude the play. AZDAK must decide whether the child should be under the custody of his natural mother a wealthy, upper-class woman who abandoned him, or Grusha, who saved him from certain death. The attached extract from The Caucasian Chalk Circle clearly demonstrates and exemplifies the Brechtian style, showing evidence of al...

Discussion 700 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion 700 - Assignment Example This assumption is underpinned by the fact that there is a point of intersection between patients’ seeking clinical care because of their problems and nurses availing themselves in willingness to offer the care. The theory assumes that therapeutic interaction cause patients and nurses to mature. This is because both of them end up learning something new from the encounter. Thirdly, the theory assumes that interviewing skills and communication skills will remain essential to nursing. Through these skills, nurses gather information about the issues of the patient in order to decide accurately about the most appropriate care. The last assumption is that self-understanding is important for nurses to facilitate patient growth and not limit the patient’s choices (Meleis, 2007). Man is an important concept to this theory and it perceives man as an organism that seeks ways of reducing the tensions drawing from their felt needs. According to this theory, health denotes a concept that shows progress of human processes towards community, productive and constructive living ((Basavanthappa, 2007)). Peplau perceived society or environment as containing mores and culture that are important to treatment. Nursing entails a relationship between persons in need of health services and health workers trained to recognize and address these needs. The theory is clear that a therapeutic alliance is imperative for a nursing process to succeed. It has remained consistent through time (Peterson & Bredow, 2009). Finally, the theory holds that the nursing process happens in stages. These stages are orientation, identification, exploitation, and

Buzzard LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Buzzard LTD - Essay Example Accordingly, the SWOT will not be a comprehensive treatment of strategic position, but will speak to a few of the known specifics. We can use the financial information provided to offer some accurate shareholder analysis. It has been noted that the purpose of preparing "financial reports on a regular basis..." is to "influence the decisions of users of the information produced" (Atrill and McLaney, 1997: 2); and through the use of standard ratio analysis, we will be able to evaluate the provided statements to come to a reasonable understanding of the company's financial strength. That analysis will permit us to report the current financial condition to shareholders and evaluate Buzzard LTD's operational efficiencies in light of its quality and customer satisfaction achievements. Any company that wishes to remain successfully in business must engage in strategic thinking. This concept is particularly true in the modern marketplace, where information technologies and other manufacturing efficiencies have increased the need for competitive intelligence. Fleisher and Bensoussan make a compelling case for this when they state: Strategic thinking is necessary today because our organizations compete in an increasingly global, postindustrial, knowledge- and information-based competitive environment as opposed to the slower paced, domestic, industrial competitive environment of only a few decades ago. The hierarchical, linear models that dominated management thinking, and in some cases still do, have given way to newer, more flexible, perpetually self-reorganizing, network-based arrangements. No senior executive can reasonably be expected to know the entire competitive terrain well enough to correctly strategize in the same was as the great industrial and military leaders of the past. This pressing need for strategic thinking is why organizations need to improve and enhance their competitive intelligence. (2002: 5) The primary component used for informing the competitive intelligence process is predicated upon analyzing the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) facing the organization. The limited information provided does not permit a comprehensive analysis of these elements, but we will be able to focus on key parts of each segment and derive some competitive intelligence regarding the market position of the company. SWOT TABLE FOR BUZZARD LTD. Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats Reputation for Innovation R & D Efforts New Facilities High Cost Structure Firefly Reputation New Market Expansion New Technology New Plant Competitor Emergence Regulatory Changes Buzzard LTD has some important strengths. Their reputation for innovation is the most important of these as they have achieved high levels of pleased customers and are regarded as "one of the world's leaders in design, manufacture and supply of innovative automotive

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Case study - Essay Example On its part, the media is used by the government to control the public. The public on the other hand has become obsessed to TV from which government publicity is generated. Some common events designed on media to gain publicity are in the form of planted, manufactured or non-spontaneous news. Some practices in public relations are timeless like the carrying of a bible as a prop particularly in enhancing the seeming worthiness of a leader. The true application of public relations as self-conscious managing art and occupation was through the 20th century ideas of Bernays aimed at influencing the opinion of the public on commodities through the use of psychology. This strategy worked for both Proctor & Gamble Ivory soap and American Tobacco Company through selective use of powerful symbols to correlate with the selling. Today, public relations practitioners seek to achieve an essential moment that representatively engraves in the mind of the public. The most recent defining moment was t he bombing of the world trade center in 9/11 involving Rudy Giuiani who survived the blast by escaping from debris. In conclusion, public relation is an inseparable part of management’s major decisions given that one has to consider the perception of the public on the decisions. Public relations are not without drawbacks since some use it to cover up for their misgivings which then call for the public to be keen in examining their public servants (case study

Therapeutic Landscape Essay Example for Free

Therapeutic Landscape Essay The article in particular mirrors the transformation and redefinition of human’s needs through this continuous tide of human evolution. Brought by the shining glimpse of modernity it points out the aspect of human living, in particular with the rising importance and role of the landscape where people choose or actually reside. Cited in the article numerous times, the view of people regarding the landscape where they live in has become very relevant on how they view themselves and others. Brought by the weight of modernity, good landscape image in terms of availability of economic means together with a healthy environment, have become a social factor in itself.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another strength of the article, it attacks in particular the view of how a positive landscape should integrate the main aspect of health, and how communities within a particular region could be divided and actually co exist in two main groups with different views of their landscape, one that is health affirming and the other as health denying. The importance of image on landscape, developed a strong societal gap that often leads to a more conflicting and negative view on living.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe the purpose of this paper showed was to be able to explain why there is a larger and more important weight that landscape holds in molding perceptions in communities. It also aims to explain how societies or communities adapt to such changes and perceptions where certain psychological aspects of the community sink in. Particularly with the citation in on p.2 wherein as â€Å"perception of activities change, the place in which they occur may be stigmatized.† Before industrialization was an economic booster, it is a very demanded and needed activity, but as time progressed, the products and wastes have become alarming that the city was stigmatized to be ‘unhealthy.’ The importance of redefining or masking that perception has become important because people who actually live in those places are stigmatized. Outsiders perceive them to abhor and allow the lifestyle because they actually live there. It is quite logical if one might think of it. It’s like being associated with friends, â€Å"tell me who your friends are and I’ll tell you who you are.† It may not necessarily true and concise, but nothing beats the first perception. However certain assumptions like that do not result from baseless proof. Just what the paper stated on what industrialization stood for the people before and what it stood now. People are associated with images, that is why the landscape, as part of their preference or lifestyle, is greatly put into consideration.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Given certain notations wherein an area is stigmatized, in this case the North End, it widens the societal gap by actually alienating that particular area therefore providing slim access to economic and social development for people who reside there. Being in one community, the article clearly emphasized how divided a certain community might be. The others, trying very hard to mask and redefine the image of the industrialized Hamilton, by exhausting efforts to improve health/landscape, at the same time making North End a certain scapegoat of housing the bad or unhealthy side of Hamilton. The paper had extensive evidence to state that through various interviews from residents.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The efforts of creating such a positive image just widen the societal gap and psychological behavior of people. At the end image has become very important without attacking the core of its decline, instead it creates a more divided community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I agree that the idea that Hamilton needs to strike a good impression in the outside world is very contrasting to the method of redefining a healthy landscape. The failure to accept the ills of the community by masking it and actually resulting to division and misconception to promote better and more sound solution to their societal problems.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We have been witnesses of what modernity has evolved our minds and perceptions of good and bad, healthy and unhealthy. The fact that we exist in communities, we take pride in images and perception. Status has become very important in us, that is why we tend to study and label every aspect of our lives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The particular aspect that alarms me is the never ending circle of division that exists in Hamilton. People who dwell in ‘healthier’ landscapes pride themselves and the city and affirming the positive side of the community, at the expense of using the North End part as a certain scapegoat, therefore alienating that particular place. Instead of reaching out and including the place in development, it has been perceived to be a place that makes Hamilton quite unattractive. Certain alienations have made people at North End are influenced to think of their status and support from their neighborhoods who also feel the same way. The division entails more gaps in certain communities, therefore their view of healthy or unhealthy environment seem skewed as a whole.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since it’s a very pending issue, nobody seem to think of its importance, but now we tend to assess our own communities and try to assess how truly ‘healthy’ it is. Since Hamilton is a live case, it is not hard to imagine finding other communities with Hamilton’s similar example.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It has become an important educator in terms of perceiving a certain ‘healthy landscape’ and how it plays a big role in the psychological perceptions of people. It made me realize how important image is and how it maneuvers society.

Religion Essays Feminist Theology

Religion Essays Feminist Theology It has been argued that alternative spirituality movements and alternative religions offer contemporary women greater possibilities of participation in religion and of expression oftheir religiosity. All feminist scholars of religionhighlight the wrongs which have been done to women through the neglect offemale religious experience. They subject misogynistic views of womens natureand their place in the world to critical examination. Feminist theologians therefore, seek to address the injustices whichthey perceive in patriarchal religious traditions, and to offset theirandrocentric bias by making a specific feminist contribution to the study ofreligious traditions. It is this critique of patriarchy and patriarchal religious traditions that has opened the way for the alternative spirituality movements and alternative religions that for some women, provides new and radically different ways for women to express their spirituality. These take vary forms and include the Wiccan movement, the most extreme element of which rejects any forms of patriarchal discourse and any involvement of women in religious practices that involve male participation, the Goddess movement and Eco-spirituality. Thispaper will investigate the view that the development of what has been callednew age religion and alternative spirituality movements offer contemporarywomen greater participation in religion and in expressing their religiositywith examples from the Goddess movement and from the Eco-feminist movement. Feminisms influence on the Emergence of Different Spiritualities Fromthe late 1960s onwards what became known as feminist theology emerged. Womencriticised what they saw as the male-centred theology of patriarchal religionand this led feminist theologian Rosemary Radford-Ruether to write: The uniqueness of feminist theology lies not inits use of the criteria of experience but rather in its use of womensexperience, which has been almost entirely shut out of theological reflectionin the past. The use of womens experience in feminist theology, therefore,explodes as a critical force, exposing classical theology, including itscodified traditions, as based on male experience rather than on universal humanexperience (Ruether, 1992:13). Thiswas an expression of what these feminists had been saying for years, that womenneeded to find ways in which they could speak of their own religiousexperiences and as women express their spirituality in terms that feltcomfortable for them. For many women this meant a complete rejection oftraditional religion and a move towards specifically women-centredspiritualities eg Carol Christs 1986 Womenspirit Rising. Goddess Movements Hanegraff(1996) contends that new spiritualities such as the Goddess Movement are rootedin the ancient pagan traditions of occultism and witchcraft. He contends thatthis has influenced the development of New Age womens spiritualities ingeneral, although he regards the term spiritualities as diffuse. He claims thatwomens spirituality, Goddess movements and Wicca tend to blend in together,although it could be argued that there may be some women who own a goddessspirituality who may not subscribe to Wiccan views. This is particularly thecase with the womens spirituality movement that lies within theJudaeo-Christian tradition (see for example Plaskow, 1989). This movement isalso evident in other traditions such as Islam and Hinduism and the idea is todiscover neglected elements within the tradition that express womens religiousexperience. Some women say that these elements have been deliberately neglectedor covered up by the male interpreters of patriarchal religions (see SchusslerFioren za 1984, Mernissi, 1991 and Gupta 1991). While they emphasise thattranscendence can be seen as goddess rather than a god and worshipped as suchthey do not equate this with pagan Goddess worship (Hanegraff, 1996). However,Hanegraff contends that the boundaries between these things are extremelyblurred and that in some cases in the historical traditions there is so muchemphasis on the primacy of experience that the result is no concrete idea ofwho or what the goddess that is being worshipped and in some areas the experientialnature can take extreme forms. Thus he argues: spiritual growth leads to connection with a Higher Power-theGod/Goddess within and without, Christ, Allah, Buddah and All-That-is. Thistheology easily assimilates all personal perspectives on God as equallyvalid.prominence over others is rejected as reflecting a limitedconsiousness..and is lacking in authentic religious experience (Hanegraff, 1996:185). Hanegraff contends that this reflects a view thatsays that those who hold it are not sure who or what God is. However, this maybe a reaction to the reification of God concepts that takes place inpatriarchal thinking, most particularly within the Judaeo-Christian tradition(Daly, 1982). Yet Goddess worshippers within the traditions are conscious ofthe importance of symbolism. Feminists say that it needs to berecognised that symbolism is important to women because they themselves havebeen symbolised. As Daly argues women have been presented with masculineconcepts of themselves which are symbolic of mens fear of the feminine. Thisis evident in maternal and virginal representations in Christianity, and in thedistorted images of Kali in Hinduism (Gupta, 1991). Women do need to find theirown way of relating to the religious symbolic and perhaps this means that theyare nervous of committing the same mistakes as patriarchal tradition andreducing transcendence to an object. King (1995 contends that although symbolscan be male, female, or androgynous, most of the worlds religious traditionshave taken the male as normative and used the symbolism to uphold maledominance in the religious and social structure. In the same way Carol Christ(1980) has argued that masculine symbolism has been so damaging for women thatthe only response women can make is to adopt purely feminine symbols and toworship the Goddess. It is her view that this is the only way that women canassert their own gendered identity in a patriarchal society. Thus she writes, Religioncentered on the worship of a male God creates moods and motivations thatkeep women in a state of psychological dependence on men and male authority,while at the same time legitimating the political and social authority offathers and sons in the institute of society (1980:275). Goddessworshippers Hanegraff (1996) argues are concerned to express the fact that thewhole of reality is permeated by the Goddess while at the same timeinvestigating the historical roots of Goddess worship both with and without thetraditions. King (1995) maintains that along with the Goddess movement there isalso a lot of work in the area of ecology, or eco-feminism, particularlyRuethers 1992 work, Gaia and God. Eco-Feminism The work ofeco-feminists such as (Mcfague, 1987, Ruether, 1992 et al) stems from a newconcern for global issues and the way in which human beings have treated theearth. Ruether uses the Gaia principle taken from science, and takes theposition that the earth is our sacred mother we come from it and return to ityet throughout history humankind have damaged the earth and other forms of lifethat exist here. Sallie McFague 1987 has argued that patriarchal the religionsthat have oppressed women have also dominated the earth. They have taken thebiblical saying that man should have dominion over the earth and all that is init so literally that they have come close to destroying Gods gifts. McFaguerefers in her work to the earth as Gods body, the earth, she maintains is ametaphor for the body of God. In Models of God (1987)McFague argues that the metaphor of the world as Gods body would not just helpto repair the relationship that human beings have with the earth, but wouldalso help to dispel some of the hierarchical images of God that exist withinthe Christian tradition. Thus she writes, The metaphor of the world asGods body puts God at risk (McFague, 1987:73). God is seen asvulnerable when God is such an intimate part of creation. The earth, therefore,is among the oppressed. It suffers with us and if the world is seen as the bodyof God, then God may be seen as suffering with Gods people. McFagues Modelsof God are metaphors that allow both the transcendental as well asthe ethical nature of God to emerge. Hanegraff (1996) maintains that: The ecological crisis has beencreated by a society based on fundamentally flawed presuppositions. Humanityhas to change its way of thinking perceiving and acting, and then it willhopefully still be possible to heal the world (Hanegraaf, 1996:118). Conclusion Clearlyalternative spiritualities seem to be the way forward for many women to expresstheir religiosity, nevertheless, there are still women who, despite patriarchaloppression, remain with their inherited faith traditions and struggle to freeit from patriarchal restraint. It would seem to me that there has always beensome concern for the female in religious imagery e.g. the person of Mary inCatholicism and the many Goddesses of Hinduism. In a sense there have alwaysbeen these alternatives and I would say that the emergence of second wavefeminism in the late 1960s and their critique of all things patriarchal is whathas brought these alternatives to the fore. The higher profile of thesespiritualities is necessary so that all women feel able to choose how theyexpress their spiritual experiences. Bibliography Christ,C (1980) DivingDeep and Surfacing, Women Writers on a Spiritual Crest, Beacon Press,Boston Daly, M (1982) BeyondGod The Father, 2nd EditionThe Womens Press, London Fiorenza, E(1984) In Memory of Her, SPCK, London Gupta, L (1991)Kali the Saviour, in Cooey, P, Eakin, W, McDaniel, J (eds.) (1991) AfterPatriarchy: Feminist Transformationsof World Religions,Orbis, New York Hanegraaff (1996) New AgeReligion and Western Culture New York, Brill. King, U (ed.)(1994) Feminist Theology From the Third World, SPCK, London McFague, S(1987) Models of God, SPCK, London Plaskow, J(1993) We are also your sisters: The development of womens studies inreligion, Womens Studies Quarterly, XXI, 12 p. 9-21 Ruether, R(1992} Gaia and God, SCM, London